Determinants of population change class 8

 Long answer questions 

1. What are the elements that afect the Fertility Rate? Mention.
Age, marriageable age, education, occupation, religious status, nutrition and health, fecundity, infant mortality rate, life expectancy, the political situation of the country, the social status of the patents etc are the elements that afect the birth or fertility rate.

2. Discuss the differences between the Fertility Rate and Mortality Rate of developed and least developed countries.
Developed countries:
Crude Birth Rate low
Crude Death Rate =low
Infant Mortality Rate = low
Literacy Rate high
School Enrollment= high
Total Fertility Rate = low
Total% of pop under 15 = low Life Expectancy = high
Natural Increase Rate = low
GNP per Capita= high
Primary Economic Activities =low
Service EconomicActivities = high
% livingin Rural Areas = low
% livingin Urban Areas =high

Least developed countries :
Crude Birth Rate = high
Crude Death Rate = low
Infant Mortality Rate = high
Literacy Rate = low
School Enrollment= low
Total Fertility Rate =high
Total% of pop under 15 =high
Life Expectancy low
Natural lncrease Rate = high
GNP per Capita= low Primary EconomicActivities= high
Service EconomicActivities =low
% livingin Rural areas =high
% livingin Urban areas =low


3. Explain the determinants of population change.
Determinants of population change are:

a) Birth or fertility rate: The birth or fertility rate is influenced by the composition of population by age, marriageable age, education, occupation, religious status, nutrition and health. The fecundity, infant mortality rate, life expectancy, the political situation of the country, the social status of the patents ctc also afect the birth or fertility rate.

b) Death or mortality rate: The factor determining the population change next to birth is death. There are many elements that affect the death or mortality rate. The major factors that affect the death or mortality rate are: composition of population, facility of health care, occupation and nature of the work, region of the settlement, age, malnutrition, diseases ctc.

c) Migration or migration rate: It is considered as the most complex demographic process. There are two kinds of elements that affect migration. They are studied as pull factors and push factors. The process of coming in from the outside is called in-migration and the process of going out from the inside is called out-migration in the migration.


4. The fertility increases the population whereas mortality decreases the population. Describe the statement with examples.
The fertility increases the population and mortality decreases population because when more birth happens then, it's obvious that it will increase population and when more people died then, it decreases population but when the more death happens, it leàds to more birth indirectly and when more birth happens, it indirectly leads to more deaths due to lack of facilities of food, shelter, health facilities, etc. Eg for fertility: population in Terai region is dense as people give more births due to lack of education, occupation, nutrition and health, religious status and sometimes due to misscarriages or need of support for their old age. Now; Eg for mortality: when malaria spreaded in Terai region lots of death happened and lots of people out-migrated to be safe from malaria which caused decrease in population.



5. Mention the factors affecting migration.
There are two kinds of elements that affect migration. They are studied as pull factors and push factors. Pull factor attract peoples towards it whereas push factors push the people from the state.
Some of the Push and pull factors of migration are:

• Lack of employment.
• Lack of health, education and entertainment facilities.
• Dissatisfaction with traditions, norms, and values.
• Poverty and low standard of living.
• Discrimination based on religion, ethnicity, politics, etc.
• Inadequate facilities for maintaining livelihood.